Critical stage disease may show further expansion of consolidations, with the whole lung showing increased opacity, a so-called “white lung”. In recovery stage patients, the lesion area is reduced and absorbed, or only residual fibrous lesions are seen. Less common findings include pleural effusion, stretch bronchiectasis, and thoracic lymphadenopathy.
Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 16
The lesion range can be acinar, leaflet, lung segment or lung lobe. Lesions are distributed as bilateral asymmetrical subpleural wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, mostly in the caudal lesions of the lung and dorsal subpleural area. When interlobular septa and intralobular interstitium are thickened, this is displayed as subpleural reticulation according to a “crazy paving” pattern. The underlying pathological changes are pulmonary edema, protein exudation, thickening of intralobular interstitial, and multi-nucleated giant cells and macrophage infiltration in the alveolar cavity.
Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 15
Disease progression mostly occurs in course of 7-10 days, with enlarged and increased density of GGO, and consolidated lessions with air bronchogram sign. GGOs from the early stage expand, and the density increases gradually. Consolidation shows increased lung parenchimal density, and blurred borders of the pulmonary blood vessels and air way walls due to the loss of air contrast.
Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 14
Typical features on chest CT
Typical features on chest CT include ground-glass opacity with a cloud-like change on chest CT, not obscuring the accompanying pulmonary vascular structures in lungs. Corresponding pathological changes are exudation in the alveolar cavity with partial filling of the air cavity, mainly from serous and fibrinous exudates, alveolar septal vascular congestion and edema.
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Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 13
Typical features on chest X-Ray
Multiple small patchy shadows and interstitial changes in the lower zone of lungs are typical imaging features in common type patients. With the progression of the disease, it may manifest as a patchy distribution or multiple consolidations. In severe and critical type COVID-19 pneunomia, multifocal or diffuse consolidation can be seen in both lungs, showing as “white lung”. Chest X-ray is only suitable for primary hospitals without examination conditions and follow up of critically ill patients.
Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 12
It is recommended to use volume CT with a maximum acquisition slice thickness of 5mm (>16 slice multi-detector CT) and a reconstruction slice thickness of 1.0-1.5mm. Multi-planar reformats (transverse, sagittal and coronal planes) are beneficial for the early detection of lesions in patients with negative nucleic acid tests.
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Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 11
The sensitivity and specificity chest X-ray for mild type patients are relatively low. It is not recommended for patients with early COVID-19 stage. Chest CT scans can demonstrate almost all abnormalities including early mild exudative lesions. Chest CT is the most valuable imaging tool for the clinical diagnosis of early stage COVID-19 pneumonia when patient’s symptoms are aspecific, especially in Wuhan with unsufficient PCR tests in the early pandemic period.
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Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 10
Recommendation for chest imaging techniques
Imaging, in particular chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT), is important in the detection of lung lesions, assessment of lesion size, density, and evolution. Chest X-ray examination is convenient and fast, and has been proven effective in diagnosing other coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
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Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 9
The radiology department should prepare the requirements of COVID-19 imaging examination workflows, including but not limited to:
- set up a special waiting area and examination room for COVID-19 patients
- require all radiologist, technologists and nurses to master skills of prevention of COVID-19 infection
- formulate emergency CT examination specifications, procedures and disinfection measures for patients with suspected COVID-19
- require self-protection measures for all radiologists, technologists and nurses
- regulate disposal of waste protective equipment
It should emphasized that in order to prevent cross-infection, hospitals should clearly divide the polluted area, semi-polluted area, and clean area according to the requirements of nosocomial infection control, and set up independent inspection area.
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Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 part 8
Infection prevention and control is a new task and serious challenge facing the radiology department in China. All members must fully understand the epidemic situation and fully grasp the knowledge of infection control. The work process and working mode must be changed in accordance with the requirements.
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