Future issues:

• Further research is required on cis-acting elements involved in replication and transcription, and on the viral and cellular proteins that bind them
• The function and dynamics of DMVs and CMs and the precise localization of the sites of active viral RNA synthesis remain unresolved questions
• The contribution of cytoplasmic RNA-protein complexes containing viral RNAs,  such as stress granules, to the regulation of coronavirus RNA expression requires further research
• Limited information is available on the temporal regulation of viral translation, replication, and transcription over the course of infection and on how switching between these processes occurs