HCoV-NL63 from the α-genus is a prevalent human respiratory pathogen that is often associated with common colds in healthy adults and acute respiratory diseases in young children. Among the animal coronaviruses, TGEV from the α-genus and MHV from the β-genus cause close to 100% fatality in young pigs and young mice, respectively; BCoV from the β-genus and IBV from the γ-genus also cause significant health damage in cattle and chickens, respectively. Therefore, research on coronaviruses has strong health and economic implications.