Coronaviruses have evolved  a complex receptor  recognition pattern:

• coronaviruses use one or both S1 domains as RBDs
• highly similarly coronavirus S1-CTDs within the same genus can recognize  different protein receptors, whereas very different  coronavirus S1-CTDs from different genera can recognize the same protein receptor
• coronavirus S1-NTDs can recognize either protein or sugar receptors

Understanding the receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses can provide critical insight into the origin, evolution, and receptor selection of coronaviruses.