The same group compared the results of 81 patients (mean age 30±8 years) who had post traumatic osteochondral lesions of the talus larger than 1.5 cm2 and who underwent open autologous chondrocyte implantation (46 cases), and ‘one-step’ arthroscopic repair techniques, a hyaluronic acid membrane was used to  support cells. After 1 year, a similar pattern of improvement in the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society results was found for all three techniques. The use of bone marrow aspirate concentrates permitted a marked reduction in procedure morbidity and costs, and was able to overcome all the drawbacks of previous repair techniques (Giannini et al., 2010)