Stem cell research arose from the need to explore new therapeutic possibilities for intractable and lethal diseases. In the orthopaedic field, diseases which current treatment modalities do not offer satisfactory, efficient or durable results for have been  targets of stem cell treatment. While complete regeneration usually occurs after bone injury, critical size defects of long bone requires either harvesting  a large portion of autograft with significant morbidity or allograft implantation that is associated with several complications.