Acetylcholine-producing choline acetyltransferase-overexpressing human neural stem cells were transplanted into alzheimers animal models. As a result, it was confirmed that learning and memory functions were restored, the volume of acetylcholine in the cerebrospinal fluid was increased, and the transplanted cells were successfully migrated to several brain regions. According to a report, it was observed that transplantation of nerve growth factor expressing human neural stem cells into hippocampus region of ibotenic acid-injected mice (one of the cognitive dysfunction models) could be improved the learning and memory as well as differentiated into neuron and astrocytes. These nerve growth factor carrying human neural stem cells showed the further neuro-protective effects than parental human neural stem cells against cytotoxic agent.